Carl Key's Publications

2011

Chen, X., Vogelmann, J. E., Rollins, M., Ohlen, M., Key, C. H., Yang, L., Huang, C., and Shi, H. 2011. Detecting post-fire burn severity and vegetation recovery using multitemporal remote sensing spectral indices and field-collected composite burn index data in a ponderosa pine forest. International Journal of Remote Sensing 32(23) 7905-7927.

Lutz, J. A., Key, C. H., Kolden, C. A., Kane, J. T., and van Wagtendonk, J. W. 2011. Fire frequency, area burned, and severity: A quantitative approach to defining a normal fire year. Fire Ecology. 7(2) 51-65. DOI:10.4996/fireecology.0702051

Liu, J., Vogelmann, J. E., Zhu, Z., Key, C. H., Sleeter, B. M., Price, D. T., Chen, J. M., Cochrane, M. A., Eidenshink. J. C., Howard, S. M., Bliss, N. B., and Jiang, H. 2011. Estimating California ecosystem carbon change using process model and land cover disturbance data: 1951–2000. Ecological Modelling 222(14) 2333-2341.

2009

Miller, J. D., Knapp, E. E., Key, C. H., and Skinner, C. N. 2009. Calibration and validation of the relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR) to three measures of fire severity in the Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains, California, USA. Remote Sensing of Environment 113(3) 645-656.

2008

Liu, J., Vogelmann, J. E., Zhu, Z., Key, C. H., Sleeter, B. M., Price, D. T., Chen, J. M., Cochrane, M. A., Eidenshink, J. C., Howard, S. M., Bliss, N. B., and Jiang, H. 2008. Effects of Climate Change and Disturbances on Carbon Sequestration of California Ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008, abstract #B33E-08.

Keane, R. E., Agee, J., Fule, P., Keeley, J., Key, C., Kitchen, S., Miller, R., and Schulte, L. 2008. The ecological effect of large fires in North America: benefit or catastrophe. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17(6) 696-712.

2006

Key, C.H. 2006. Ecological and sampling constraints on defining landscape fire severity. Fire Ecology: 2(2): 178-203.

Keane, R.E. and C. Key. 2006. CCE Fire regimes and their management. In: Fagre, D. and Prato, A. (Eds). Sustaining Rocky Mountain Landscaped. Resources for the Future Press, Washington DC. 201-212.

Key, C.H. and N.C. Benson. 2006. Landscape Assessment: Ground measure of severity, the Composite Burn Index; and Remote sensing of severity, the Normalized Burn Ratio. In D.C. Lutes; R.E. Keane; J.F. Caratti; C.H. Key; N.C. Benson; S. Sutherland; and L.J. Gangi. 2006. FIREMON: Fire Effects Monitoring and Inventory System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-164-CD: LA 1-51.

Zhu, Z.; C. Key; D. Ohlen; N. Benson. 2006. Evaluate Sensitivities of Burn-Severity Mapping Algorithms for Different Ecosystems and Fire Histories in the United States. Final Report to the Joint Fire Science Program, Project JFSP 01-1-4-12, October 12, 2006. 35pp.

Shea, D; and C. Key. 2006. Glacier's eastside grasslands: photographic comparisons over time. Unpublished report, Glacier National Park. 112 pp.

2005

Key, C.H. 2005. Remote sensing sensitivity to fire severity and fire recovery. In J. de la Riva and E. Chuvieco, eds. 2005. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on remote sensing and GIS applications to forest fire management: fire effects assessment. Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, 16-18 June 2005. ISBN 84-96214-52-4: 29-39.

2004

Key, C.; N. Benson; B. Sorbel; Z. Zhu; D. Ohlen; S. Howard; and B. Clement. 2004. A national burn severity project: from concept to reality. Poster abstract. In R. K. Livingston, Third U.S. Geological Survey Wildland Fire-Science Workshop. November 12-15, 2002 Denver, CO. USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5005, p 34.

Van Wagtendonk, J.W.; R.R. Root; and C.H. Key, 2004. Comparison of AVIRIS and Landsat ETM+ detection capabilities for burn severity. Remote Sensing of Environment 92(3): 397-408.

2003

Kotliar, N.B.; S.L. Haire; and C.H. Key, 2003. Lessons from the fires of 2000: Post-fire heterogeneity in ponderosa pine forests. In P.N. Omi and L.A. Joyce eds. Fire, fuel treatments, and ecological restoration: Conference proceedings; 2002 16-18 April; Fort Collins CO. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station RMRS-P-29. p. 277-280.

2002

Key, C.; N. Benson; B. Sorbel; Z. Zhu; D. Ohlen; S. Howard; and B. Clement. 2002. The National Park Service - U.S. Geological Survey National Burn Severity Mapping Project. Web site and data archive at the USGS EROS Data Center.

Key, C.H.; Z. Zhu; D. Ohlen; S. Howard; R. McKinley; and N. Benson, 2002. The normalized burn ratio and relationships to burn severity: ecology, remote sensing and implementation. In J.D. Greer, ed. Rapid Delivery of Remote Sensing Products. Proceedings of the Ninth Forest Service Remote Sensing Applications Conference, San Diego, CA 8-12 April, 2002. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, MD.

Key, C.H., D.B. Fagre, R.K. Menicke. 2002. Glacier retreat in Glacier National Park, Montana. In R.S. Williams and J.G. Ferrigno, eds., Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world: North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-J, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. p 365-381.

White, J. D.; S. W. Running; K. C. Ryan; and C. H. Key, 2002. Fuzzy logic merger of spectral and ecological information for improved montane forest mapping. Geocarto International, 17(1):59-66.

Whitlock, C.; M.A. Reasoner; and C.H. Key. 2002. Paleoenvironmental history of the Rocky Mountain Region during the last 20,000 years. In J. Baron, R. Hauer, and D. Fagre (eds). Rocky Mountain Futures: an ecological perspective. Island Press, Washington D.C. p 41-57.

2001 and earlier

Yates, R.E.; R.B. McClelland; P.T. McClelland; C.H. Key; and R.E. Bennetts. 2001. The influence of weather on golden eagle migration in northwestern Montana.Journal of Raptor Research 35(2):81-90.

Key, C.H. 2000. 2000 Wildfires in Western Montana and Northern Idaho. Poster abstract. In J.L. Coffelt and R.K. Livingston, 2002, U.S. Geological Survey Wildland Fire Workshop, Los Alamos, NM October 31-November 3, 2000. USGS Open-File Report 02-11. p 57.

Key, C.H. and N.C. Benson. 2000. Post-fire assessment by remote sensing on National Park Service Lands. Poster abstract. In J.L. Coffelt and R.K. Livingston, 2002, U.S. Geological Survey Wildland Fire Workshop, Los Alamos, NM October 31-November 3, 2000. USGS Open-File Report 02-11. p 56.

Key, C. H., and Benson, N. C. 2000. Measuring and remote sensing of burn severity. Poster abstract. In J.L. Coffelt and R.K. Livingston, 2002, U.S. Geological Survey Wildland Fire Workshop, Los Alamos, New Mexico, October 31-November 3, 2000. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-11, Denver, Colorado. p55.

Fagre, D.B., C.H. Key, J.D. White, S.W. Running, F.R. Hauer, R.E. Keane, and K.C. Ryan. 1999. Ecosystem dynamics of the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA. In M.F. Price, T.H. Mather, E.C. Robertson, eds. Global change in the mountains: European Conference on Environmental and Societal Change in Mountain Regions. 1997 Symposium Proceedings, Oxford, UK. The Parthenon Publishing Group Ltd.:20-22.

Key, C. H., and Benson, N. C. 1999. Measuring and remote sensing of burn severity: the CBI and NBR. Poster abstract. In L. F. Neuenschwander and K. C. Ryan (Eds.), Proceedings Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop, Vol. II, Boise, ID, 15-17 June 1999. University of Idaho and International Association of Wildland Fire. 284 pp. See also Burn Severity Web site

Key, C.H., S. Johnson, D.B. Fagre, and R.K. Menicke. 1998. Glacier Recession and Ecological implications at Glacier National Park, Montana. Final report of the workshop on long-term monitoring of glaciers of North America and Northwestern Europe, USGS Open File Report 98-031.

White, J.D.; S.W. Running; P.E. Thornton; R.E. Keane; K.C. Ryan; D.B. Fagre; and C.H. Key. 1998. Assessing simulated ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park, USA. Ecological Applications 8(3):805-823.

Fagre, D.B.; C.H. Key; J.D. White; S.W. Running; F.R. Hauer; R.E. Keane; and K.C. Ryan. 1997. Ecosystem dynamics of the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA. In M.F. Price, T.H. Mather, E.C. Robertson, eds. Global change in the mountains: European Conference on Environmental and Societal Change in Mountain Regions. 1997 Symposium Proceedings, Oxford, UK. The Parthenon Publishing Group Ltd.:20-22.

White, J. D.; K. C. Ryan; C. H. Key; and S. W. Running. 1996. Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery. International Journal of Wildland Fire 6(3):125-136.

Ringleb, R. V. and C. H. Key. 1992. Assessing the severity of wildland fire with satellite data. Northwest Environmental Journal 8:193-194.

Barrett, S. W., S. F. Arno, and C. H. Key. 1991. Fire regimes of western larch-lodgepole pine forests in Glacier National Park, Montana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21:1711-1720.

Keating, K. A., W. G. Brewster, and C. H. Key. 1991. Satellite telemetry: performance of animal-tracking systems. Journal of Wildlife Management. 55(1):160-171.

Keating, K. A., and C. H. Key. 1990. Tracking bighorns with satellites: system performance and error mitigation. Proc. Biennial Symposium North American Wild Sheep and Goat Council. (7):149-170.

Yates, R.E.; B.R. McClelland; C.H. Key. 1990. Graphic depiction of Bald Eagle habitat use patterns. Technical report, Glacier National Park, West Glacier, MT. November 1990. 13 pp.

Tyser, R. W., and C. H. Key. 1988. Spotted knapweed in natural area Fescue grasslands: an ecological assessment. Northwest Science 62(4):151-160.

Butterfield, B. R. and C.H. Key. 1985. Mapping grizzly bear habitat in Glacier National Park using a stratified Landsat classification: a pilot study. Proceedings Grizzly Bear Habitat Symposium, Missoula, MT. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Station, Gen Tech Rep INT-207:58-66.

Wherry, D. B., J. A. Hart, C. H. Key, and S. A. Bain. 1985 An operational interagency GIS: the Glacier National Park/Flathead National Forest project. In: PECORA 10: Remote Sensing in Forest and Resource Management. 1985 Symposium Proceedings, Ft. Collins, CO. p. 58-67.

Key, C.H. 1984. Development of a fire information map and data base for Glacier National Park. Technical report. USFS Northern Forest Fire Laboratory. Supplement 22-C-2-INT-22. 55 pp.

Wright, R., K. Jenkins, B. Butterfield, C. Key, and P. Happe. 1983. Wildlife habitats in riparian zones of the North Fork and mainstem Flathead River, Montana. EPA, Flathead River Basin Environmental Impact Study, Helena, MT, and NPS CPSU, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID. 192 p.

Key, C.H. 1982. Glacier National Park Scientist Refines Low-Cost Resource Mapping Alternative. U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service. Park Science 3(1):14-16.

Key, C.H. 1979. Mammalian utilization of floodplain habitats along the North Fork of the Flathead River in Glacier National Park, Montana. Thesis, University of Montana. 151 pp.